Illicit drug use: personality and poverty

 This post was originally written by Paul Christiansen for the Mental Elf. You can see the original here.

A considerable amount of research has attempted to shed light on the key antecedents of drug use. The role of personality traits, in particular, has been explored in great detail; indeed the idea of “the addictive personality” has often been discussed.

Although we elves feel that the addictive personality is a simplification of a much more complicated problem (Kerr, 1996), there is no doubt that certain personality traits are associated with drug use, for example personality traits such as impulsivity reliably predict substance misuse (Verdejo-Garcia, 2008).

Lower socioeconomic status is a risk factor for drug use

Of course drug use does not occur in isolation purely driven by an individual’s traits; complex social and economic factors also influence the expression behaviour. For example, living in relative poverty is associated with increased drug use (Degenhardt, 2012).

The current study (Sutin, 2013) investigates which of the big five personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) predict opiate and cocaine use. The authors also investigate whether poverty mitigates or increases the impact of these personality traits on drug use in an urban population.

Methods

Participants were taken from the Healthy Aging in Neighbourhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (Evans et al., 2010). This is a larger study that aims to investigate the affects of race and socioeconomic status on major health issues in the US.

The 412 individuals described in the current study were from the Baltimore area, 66% were female, 55% African-American, and 50% were living below the federal poverty line.

Participants were included in the current analysis if they had given information on use of opiates, cocaine, and completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). This questionnaire assesses the big 5 personality domains (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) as well as 30 sub factors.

Results

• Drug use prevalence was high; 98 participants were classified as current users of cocaine and/or opiates (opiates only = 27, cocaine only = 40, both = 31)

Heroin and cocaine use was associated with low Agreeableness and high Neuroticism

• As expected, lower scores on Agreeableness (OR 0.54, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.74) and Conscientiousness (OR 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.83) were associated with increased likelihood of drug use
• Higher levels of Neuroticism were also associated with an increased likelihood of drug use, (OR 1.24, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.46), indeed drug use was associated with all neuroticism subscales (anxiety, hostility, depression, impulsivity and vulnerability to stress) except for Self-Conscientiousness
• Interestingly, poverty was a significant moderator of the impact of Conscientiousness on drug use (OR 1.05: 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.10). Specifically, decreases in Conscientiousness were associated with increased likelihood of drug use only in those above the federal poverty line
• Openness was associated with drug use in females only
• Race and age did not moderate the impact of personality on drug use

Conclusions

Drug use was found to be associated with personality traits, particularly Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. Low Conscientiousness (the tendency to lack discipline and act without thinking) was only associated with drug use in more affluent individuals. The authors suggest that the impact of poverty on drug use is so great it overwhelms the contribution of the Conscientiousness trait to drug use.

Low Conscientiousness was also associated with drug use in more affluent individuals

Of course this study does not shed light on whether individual differences in personality traits are a cause or consequence of drug use. Indeed, the authors acknowledge this as a limitation and argue for the importance of longitudinal research in this area, with continued assessment of personality along with changes in socio-economic status.

This certainly makes interesting reading and really highlights the role of society, rather than just the individual, in the aetiology of drug abuse.  It is, however, disappointing that the authors did not look at the direct association between poverty and drug use.

Links

Sutin AR, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Personality traits and illicit substances: the moderating role of poverty. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Aug 1;131(3):247-51. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.020. Epub 2012 Dec 21. [PubMed abstract]

Degenhardt L, Hall W (2012) Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. The Lancet 379: 55-70. [Abstract]

Kerr JS (1996) Two myths of addiction: The addictive personality and the issue of free choice. Human Psychopharmacology 11: S9-S13. [ResearchGate]

Verdejo-Garcia A, Lawrence AJ, Clark L (2008) Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32: 777-810. [PubMed abstract]

Evans MK, Lepkowski JM, Powe NR, LaVeist T, Kuczmarski MF, Zonderman AB. Healthy aging in neighborhoods of diversity across the life span (HANDLS): overcoming barriers to implementing a longitudinal, epidemiologic, urban study of health, race, and socioeconomic status. Ethn Dis. 2010 Summer;20(3):267-75.